The DM target's 'discards_supported' flag is intended to act as an
override.  Meaning, even if the underlying storage doesn't support
discards the DM target will.

Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

A DM device with a mix of discard capabilities (due to some underlying
devices not having discard support) _should_ just return -EOPNOTSUPP for
the region of the device that doesn't support discards (even if only by
way of the underlying driver formally not supporting discards).  BUT,
that does ask the underlying driver to handle something that it never
advertised support for.  In doing so we're exposing users to the
potential for a underlying disk driver hanging if/when a discard is
issued a the device that is incapable and never claimed to support
discards.

Fix this by requiring that each DM target in a DM table provide discard
support as a prereq for a DM device to advertise support for discards.

This may cause some configurations that were happily supporting discards
(even in the face of a mix of discard support) to stop supporting
discards -- but the risk of users hitting driver hangs, and forced
reboots, outweighs supporting those fringe mixed discard
configurations.

Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

It is very normal to see allocation failure, especially with blk-mq
request_queues, so it's unnecessary to report this error and annoy
people.

In practice this 'blk_get_request() returned -11' error gets logged
quite frequently when a blk-mq DM multipath device sees heavy IO.

This change is marked for stable@ because the annoying message in
question was included in stable@ commit 7083abbb.

Fixes: 7083abbb

 ("dm mpath: avoid that path removal can trigger an infinite loop")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ming Lei <ming.lei@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

Previously, cache blocks were being allocated in reverse order.  Fix
this by pulling the block off the head of the free list.

Shouldn't have any impact on performance or latency but it is more
correct to have the cache blocks allocated/mapped in ascending order.
This fix will slightly increase the chances of two adjacent oblocks
being in adjacent cblocks.

Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

10240 blocks was too much, lowering this reduces the latency of copying
and consumes less memory.

Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

On large systems the cache policy can be over enthusiastic and queue far
too much dirty data to be written back.  This consumes memory.

Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

If the origin device is idle try and writeback more data.

Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

The background_tracker holds a set of promotions/demotions that the
cache policy wishes the core target to implement.

When adding a new operation to the tracker it's possible that an
operation on the same block is already present (but in practise this
doesn't appear to be happening).  Catch these situations and do the
appropriate cleanup.

Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

Requesting a sync on an active raid device via a table reload
(see 'sync' parameter in Documentation/device-mapper/dm-raid.txt)
skips the super_load() call that defines the superblock size
(rdev->sb_size) -- resulting in an oops if/when super_sync()->memset()
is called.

Fix by moving the initialization of the superblock start and size
out of super_load() to the caller (analyse_superblocks).

Signed-off-by: Heinz Mauelshagen <heinzm@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

When slub_debug is enabled kmalloc returns unaligned memory. XFS uses
this unaligned memory for its buffers (if an unaligned buffer crosses a
page, XFS frees it and allocates a full page instead - see the function
xfs_buf_allocate_memory).

dm-integrity checks if bv_offset is aligned on page size and this check
fail with slub_debug and XFS.

Fix this bug by removing the bv_offset check, leaving only the check for
bv_len.

Fixes: 7eada909

 ("dm: add integrity target")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # v4.12+
Reported-by: Bruno Prémont <bonbons@sysophe.eu>
Reviewed-by: Milan Broz <gmazyland@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Mikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

When slub_debug is enabled kmalloc returns unaligned memory. XFS uses
this unaligned memory for its buffers (if an unaligned buffer crosses a
page, XFS frees it and allocates a full page instead - see the function
xfs_buf_allocate_memory).

dm-crypt checks if bv_offset is aligned on page size and these checks
fail with slub_debug and XFS.

Fix this bug by removing the bv_offset checks. Switch to checking if
bv_len is aligned instead of bv_offset (this check should be sufficient
to prevent overruns if a bio with too small bv_len is received).

Fixes: 8f0009a2

 ("dm crypt: optionally support larger encryption sector size")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # v4.12+
Reported-by: Bruno Prémont <bonbons@sysophe.eu>
Tested-by: Bruno Prémont <bonbons@sysophe.eu>
Signed-off-by: Mikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Milan Broz <gmazyland@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

Makes dm_get_md() and dm_get_from_kobject() have similar code.

Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

The following BUG_ON was hit when testing repeat creation and removal of
DM devices:

    kernel BUG at drivers/md/dm.c:2919!
    CPU: 7 PID: 750 Comm: systemd-udevd Not tainted 4.1.44
    Call Trace:
     [<ffffffff81649e8b>] dm_get_from_kobject+0x34/0x3a
     [<ffffffff81650ef1>] dm_attr_show+0x2b/0x5e
     [<ffffffff817b46d1>] ? mutex_lock+0x26/0x44
     [<ffffffff811df7f5>] sysfs_kf_seq_show+0x83/0xcf
     [<ffffffff811de257>] kernfs_seq_show+0x23/0x25
     [<ffffffff81199118>] seq_read+0x16f/0x325
     [<ffffffff811de994>] kernfs_fop_read+0x3a/0x13f
     [<ffffffff8117b625>] __vfs_read+0x26/0x9d
     [<ffffffff8130eb59>] ? security_file_permission+0x3c/0x44
     [<ffffffff8117bdb8>] ? rw_verify_area+0x83/0xd9
     [<ffffffff8117be9d>] vfs_read+0x8f/0xcf
     [<ffffffff81193e34>] ? __fdget_pos+0x12/0x41
     [<ffffffff8117c686>] SyS_read+0x4b/0x76
     [<ffffffff817b606e>] system_call_fastpath+0x12/0x71

The bug can be easily triggered, if an extra delay (e.g. 10ms) is added
between the test of DMF_FREEING & DMF_DELETING and dm_get() in
dm_get_from_kobject().

To fix it, we need to ensure the test of DMF_FREEING & DMF_DELETING and
dm_get() are done in an atomic way, so _minor_lock is used.

The other callers of dm_get() have also been checked to be OK: some
callers invoke dm_get() under _minor_lock, some callers invoke it under
_hash_lock, and dm_start_request() invoke it after increasing
md->open_count.

Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Hou Tao <houtao1@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

The structure srcu_struct can be very big, its size is proportional to the
value CONFIG_NR_CPUS. The Fedora kernel has CONFIG_NR_CPUS 8192, the field
io_barrier in the struct mapped_device has 84kB in the debugging kernel
and 50kB in the non-debugging kernel. The large size may result in failure
of the function kzalloc_node.

In order to avoid the allocation failure, we use the function
kvzalloc_node, this function falls back to vmalloc if a large contiguous
chunk of memory is not available. This patch also moves the field
io_barrier to the last position of struct mapped_device - the reason is
that on many processor architectures, short memory offsets result in
smaller code than long memory offsets - on x86-64 it reduces code size by
320 bytes.

Note to stable kernel maintainers - the kernels 4.11 and older don't have
the function kvzalloc_node, you can use the function vzalloc_node instead.

Signed-off-by: Mikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

The SCSI layer allows ZBC drives to have a smaller last runt zone. For
such a device, specifying the entire capacity for a dm-zoned target
table entry fails because the specified capacity is not aligned on a
device zone size indicated in the request queue structure of the
device.

Fix this problem by ignoring the last runt zone in the entry length
when seting up the dm-zoned target (ctr method) and when iterating table
entries of the target (iterate_devices method). This allows dm-zoned
users to still easily setup a target using the entire device capacity
(as mandated by dm-zoned) or the aligned capacity excluding the last
runt zone.

While at it, replace direct references to the device queue chunk_sectors
limit with calls to the accessor blk_queue_zone_sectors().

Reported-by: Peter Desnoyers <pjd@ccs.neu.edu>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Damien Le Moal <damien.lemoal@wdc.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

Using the ARRAY_SIZE macro improves the readability of the code.

Found with Coccinelle with the following semantic patch:
@r depends on (org || report)@
type T;
T[] E;
position p;
@@
(
 (sizeof(E)@p /sizeof(*E))
|
 (sizeof(E)@p /sizeof(E[...]))
|
 (sizeof(E)@p /sizeof(T))
)

Signed-off-by: Jérémy Lefaure <jeremy.lefaure@lse.epita.fr>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

Now that we have the ability log filesystem writes using a flat buffer, add
support for DAX.

The motivation for this support is the need for an xfstest that can test
the new MAP_SYNC DAX flag.  By logging the filesystem activity with
dm-log-writes we can show that the MAP_SYNC page faults are writing out
their metadata as they happen, instead of requiring an explicit
msync/fsync.

Unfortunately we can't easily track data that has been written via
mmap() now that the dax_flush() abstraction was removed by commit
c3ca015f

 ("dax: remove the pmem_dax_ops->flush abstraction").
Otherwise we could just treat each flush as a big write, and store the
data that is being synced to media.  It may be worthwhile to add the
dax_flush() entry point back, just as a notifier so we can do this
logging.

Signed-off-by: Ross Zwisler <ross.zwisler@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

Currently dm-log-writes supports writing filesystem data via BIOs, and
writing internal metadata from a flat buffer via write_metadata().

For DAX writes, though, we won't have a BIO, but will instead have an
iterator that we'll want to use to fill a flat data buffer.

So, create write_inline_data() which allows us to write filesystem data
using a flat buffer as a source, and wire it up in log_one_block().

Signed-off-by: Ross Zwisler <ross.zwisler@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

There is only one per_bio_data size now that writethrough-specific data
was removed from the per_bio_data structure.

Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

Now that the writethrough code is much simpler there is no need to track
so much state or cascade bio submission (as was done, via
writethrough_endio(), to issue origin then cache IO in series).

As such the obsolete writethrough list and workqueue is also removed.

Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

Discontinue issuing writethrough write IO in series to the origin and
then cache.

Use bio_clone_fast() to create a new origin clone bio that will be
mapped to the origin device and then bio_chain() it to the bio that gets
remapped to the cache device.  The origin clone bio does _not_ have a
copy of the per_bio_data -- as such check_if_tick_bio_needed() will not
be called.

The cache bio (parent bio) will not complete until the origin bio has
completed -- this fulfills bio_clone_fast()'s requirements as well as
the requirement to not complete the original IO until the write IO has
completed to both the origin and cache device.

Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

No functional changes, just a bit cleaner than passing cache_features
structure.

Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

When a DM cache in writeback mode moves data between the slow and fast
device it can often avoid a copy if the triggering bio either:

i) covers the whole block (no point copying if we're about to overwrite it)
ii) the migration is a promotion and the origin block is currently discarded

Prior to this fix there was a race with case (ii).  The discard status
was checked with a shared lock held (rather than exclusive).  This meant
another bio could run in parallel and write data to the origin, removing
the discard state.  After the promotion the parallel write would have
been lost.

With this fix the discard status is re-checked once the exclusive lock
has been aquired.  If the block is no longer discarded it falls back to
the slower full copy path.

Fixes: b29d4986

 ("dm cache: significant rework to leverage dm-bio-prison-v2")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # v4.12+
Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

atomic_t variables are currently used to implement reference
counters with the following properties:
 - counter is initialized to 1 using atomic_set()
 - a resource is freed upon counter reaching zero
 - once counter reaches zero, its further
   increments aren't allowed
 - counter schema uses basic atomic operations
   (set, inc, inc_not_zero, dec_and_test, etc.)

Such atomic variables should be converted to a newly provided
refcount_t type and API that prevents accidental counter overflows
and underflows. This is important since overflows and underflows
can lead to use-after-free situation and be exploitable.

The variable dm_cache_metadata.ref_count is used as pure reference counter.
Convert it to refcount_t and fix up the operations.

Suggested-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: David Windsor <dwindsor@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Hans Liljestrand <ishkamiel@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Elena Reshetova <elena.reshetova@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

atomic_t variables are currently used to implement reference
counters with the following properties:
 - counter is initialized to 1 using atomic_set()
 - a resource is freed upon counter reaching zero
 - once counter reaches zero, its further
   increments aren't allowed
 - counter schema uses basic atomic operations
   (set, inc, inc_not_zero, dec_and_test, etc.)

Such atomic variables should be converted to a newly provided
refcount_t type and API that prevents accidental counter overflows
and underflows. This is important since overflows and underflows
can lead to use-after-free situation and be exploitable.

The variable table_device.count is used as pure reference counter.
Convert it to refcount_t and fix up the operations.

Suggested-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: David Windsor <dwindsor@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Hans Liljestrand <ishkamiel@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Elena Reshetova <elena.reshetova@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

atomic_t variables are currently used to implement reference
counters with the following properties:
 - counter is initialized to 1 using atomic_set()
 - a resource is freed upon counter reaching zero
 - once counter reaches zero, its further
   increments aren't allowed
 - counter schema uses basic atomic operations
   (set, inc, inc_not_zero, dec_and_test, etc.)

Such atomic variables should be converted to a newly provided
refcount_t type and API that prevents accidental counter overflows
and underflows. This is important since overflows and underflows
can lead to use-after-free situation and be exploitable.

The variable dm_dev_internal.count is used as pure reference counter.
Convert it to refcount_t and fix up the operations.

Suggested-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: David Windsor <dwindsor@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Hans Liljestrand <ishkamiel@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Elena Reshetova <elena.reshetova@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>

Pull staging and IIO fixes from Greg KH:
 "Here are a small number of patches to resolve some reported IIO and a
  staging driver problem. Nothing major here, full details are in the
  shortlog below.

  All have been in linux-next with no reported issues"

* tag 'staging-4.14-rc6' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/staging:
  staging: bcm2835-audio: Fix memory corruption
  iio: adc: at91-sama5d2_adc: fix probe error on missing trigger property
  iio: adc: dln2-adc: fix build error
  iio: dummy: events: Add missing break
  staging: iio: ade7759: fix signed extension bug on shift of a u8
  iio: pressure: zpa2326: Remove always-true check which confuses gcc
  iio: proximity: as3935: noise detection + threshold changes

Pull char/misc driver fixes from Greg KH:
 "Here are four small fixes for 4.14-rc6.

  Three of them are binder driver fixes for reported issues, and the
  last one is a hyperv driver bugfix. Nothing major, but good fixes to
  get into 4.14-final.

  All of these have been in linux-next with no reported issues"

* tag 'char-misc-4.14-rc6' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/char-misc:
  android: binder: Fix null ptr dereference in debug msg
  android: binder: Don't get mm from task
  vmbus: hvsock: add proper sync for vmbus_hvsock_device_unregister()
  binder: call poll_wait() unconditionally.

Pull USB/PHY fixes from Greg KH:
 "Here are a small number of USB and PHY driver fixes for 4.14-rc6

  There is the usual musb and xhci fixes in here, as well as some needed
  phy patches. Also is a nasty regression fix for usbfs that has started
  to hit a lot of people using virtual machines.

  All of these have been in linux-next with no reported problems"

* tag 'usb-4.14-rc6' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/usb: (26 commits)
  usb: hub: Allow reset retry for USB2 devices on connect bounce
  USB: core: fix out-of-bounds access bug in usb_get_bos_descriptor()
  MAINTAINERS: fix git tree url for musb module
  usb: quirks: add quirk for WORLDE MINI MIDI keyboard
  usb: musb: sunxi: Explicitly release USB PHY on exit
  usb: musb: Check for host-mode using is_host_active() on reset interrupt
  usb: musb: musb_cppi41: Configure the number of channels for DA8xx
  usb: musb: musb_cppi41: Fix cppi41_set_dma_mode() for DA8xx
  usb: musb: musb_cppi41: Fix the address of teardown and autoreq registers
  USB: musb: fix late external abort on suspend
  USB: musb: fix session-bit runtime-PM quirk
  usb: cdc_acm: Add quirk for Elatec TWN3
  USB: devio: Revert "USB: devio: Don't corrupt user memory"
  usb: xhci: Handle error condition in xhci_stop_device()
  usb: xhci: Reset halted endpoint if trb is noop
  xhci: Cleanup current_cmd in xhci_cleanup_command_queue()
  xhci: Identify USB 3.1 capable hosts by their port protocol capability
  USB: serial: metro-usb: add MS7820 device id
  phy: rockchip-typec: Check for errors from tcphy_phy_init()
  phy: rockchip-typec: Don't set the aux voltage swing to 400 mV
  ...

Pull input fix from Dmitry Torokhov:
 "A fix for a broken commit in the previous pull breaking automatic
  module loading of input handlers, such ad evdev"

* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dtor/input:
  Input: do not use property bits when generating module alias

The commit 8724ecb0

 ("Input: allow matching device IDs on property
bits") started using property bits when generating module aliases for input
handlers, but did not adjust the generation of MODALIAS attribute on input
device uevents, breaking automatic module loading. Given that no handler
currently uses property bits in their module tables, let's revert this part
of the commit for now.

Reported-by: Damien Wyart <damien.wyart@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Damien Wyart <damien.wyart@gmail.com>
Fixes: 8724ecb0

 ("Input: allow matching device IDs on property bits")
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Torokhov <dmitry.torokhov@gmail.com>

Pull x86 fixes from Thomas Gleixner:
 "A couple of fixes addressing the following issues:

   - The last polishing for the TLB code, removing the last BUG_ON() and
     the debug file along with tidying up the lazy TLB code.

   - Prevent triple fault on 1st Gen. 486 caused by stupidly calling the
     early IDT setup after the first function which causes a fault which
     should be caught by the exception table.

   - Limit the mmap of /dev/mem to valid addresses

   - Prevent late microcode loading on Broadwell X

   - Remove a redundant assignment in the cache info code"

* 'x86-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
  x86/mm: Limit mmap() of /dev/mem to valid physical addresses
  x86/mm: Remove debug/x86/tlb_defer_switch_to_init_mm
  x86/mm: Tidy up "x86/mm: Flush more aggressively in lazy TLB mode"
  x86/mm/64: Remove the last VM_BUG_ON() from the TLB code
  x86/microcode/intel: Disable late loading on model 79
  x86/idt: Initialize early IDT before cr4_init_shadow()
  x86/cpu/intel_cacheinfo: Remove redundant assignment to 'this_leaf'

Pull timer fix from Thomas Gleixner:
 "A single fix to make the cs5535 clock event driver robust agaist
  spurious interrupts"

* 'timers-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
  clockevents/drivers/cs5535: Improve resilience to spurious interrupts

Pull smp/hotplug fix from Thomas Gleixner:
 "The recent rework of the callback invocation missed to cleanup the
  leftovers of the operation, so under certain circumstances a
  subsequent CPU hotplug operation accesses stale data and crashes.
  Clean it up."

* 'smp-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
  cpu/hotplug: Reset node state after operation

Pull perf fixes from Thomas Gleixner:
 "A series of fixes for perf tooling:

   - Make xyarray return the X/Y size correctly which fixes a crash in
     the exit code.

   - Fix the libc path in test so it works not only on Debian/Ubuntu
     correctly

   - Check for eBPF file existance and output a useful error message
     instead of failing to compile a non existant file

   - Make sure perf_hpp_fmt is not longer references before freeing it

   - Use list_del_init() in the histogram code to prevent a crash when
     the already deleted element is deleted again

   - Remove the leftovers of the removed '-l' option

   - Add reviewer entries to the MAINTAINERS file"

* 'perf-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
  perf test shell trace+probe_libc_inet_pton.sh: Be compatible with Debian/Ubuntu
  perf xyarray: Fix wrong processing when closing evsel fd
  perf buildid-list: Fix crash when processing PERF_RECORD_NAMESPACE
  perf record: Fix documentation for a inexistent option '-l'
  perf tools: Add long time reviewers to MAINTAINERS
  perf tools: Check wether the eBPF file exists in event parsing
  perf hists: Add extra integrity checks to fmt_free()
  perf hists: Fix crash in perf_hpp__reset_output_field()

Pull irq fixes from Thomas Gleixner:
 "A set of small fixes mostly in the irq drivers area:

   - Make the tango irq chip work correctly, which requires a new
     function in the generiq irq chip implementation

   - A set of updates to the GIC-V3 ITS driver removing a bogus BUG_ON()
     and parsing the VCPU table size correctly"

* 'irq-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
  genirq: generic chip: remove irq_gc_mask_disable_reg_and_ack()
  irqchip/tango: Use irq_gc_mask_disable_and_ack_set
  genirq: generic chip: Add irq_gc_mask_disable_and_ack_set()
  irqchip/gic-v3-its: Add missing changes to support 52bit physical address
  irqchip/gic-v3-its: Fix the incorrect parsing of VCPU table size
  irqchip/gic-v3-its: Fix the incorrect BUG_ON in its_init_vpe_domain()
  DT: arm,gic-v3: Update the ITS size in the examples

Pull objtool fix from Thomas Gleixner:
 "Plug a memory leak in the instruction decoder"

* 'core-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
  objtool: Fix memory leak in decode_instructions()