can: provide a separate bittiming_const parameter to bittiming functions

As the bittiming calculation functions are to be used with different
bittiming_const structures for CAN and CAN FD the direct reference to
priv->bittiming_const inside these functions has to be removed.

Also moved the check for existing bittiming const to one place.

Signed-off-by: Oliver Hartkopp <socketcan@hartkopp.net>
Acked-by: Stephane Grosjean <s.grosjean@peak-system.com>
Signed-off-by: Marc Kleine-Budde <mkl@pengutronix.de>