linux: Fix a possibly non-constant expression in _Static_assert

According to C11 6.6p6, `const int` as an operand may not make up a
constant expression. GCC -O0 errors:

../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/opendir.c:107:19: error: static_assert expression is not an integral constant expression
  _Static_assert (allocation_size >= sizeof (struct dirent64),

-O2 -Wpedantic has a similar warning.
See https://gcc.gnu.org/PR102502 for GCC's inconsistency.

Use enum which is guaranteed to be a constant expression.
This also makes the file compilable with Clang.

Fixes: 4b962c9e ("linux: Simplify opendir buffer allocation")