Configure support for --enable-stack-protector [BZ #7065]

This adds =all and =strong, with obvious semantics, defaulting to off.

We don't validate the value of the option yet: that's in a later patch.
Nor do we use it for anything at this stage.

We differentiate between 'the compiler understands -fstack-protector'
and 'the user wanted -fstack-protector' so that we can pass
-fno-stack-protector in appropriate places even if the user didn't want
to turn on -fstack-protector for other parts.  (This helps us overcome
another existing limitation, that glibc doesn't work with GCCs hacked
to pass in -fstack-protector by default.)

We also arrange to set the STACK_PROTECTOR_LEVEL #define to a value
appropriate for the stack-protection level in use for each file in
particular.