[CMake] CheckAtomic.cmake: catch false positives in RISC-V

The check for 'HAVE_CXX_ATOMICS_WITHOUT_LIB' may create false
positives in RISC-V. This is reproducible when compiling LLVM natively
using GCC on a rv64gc (rv64imafdgc) host. Due to the 'A' (atomic)
extension, g++ replaces calls to libatomic operations on the
std::atomic<int> type with the native hardware instructions. As a
result, the compilation succeeds and the build system thinks it
doesn't need to pass '-latomic'.

Improve the reliability of the 'HAVE_CXX_ATOMICS_WITHOUT_LIB' test in
two steps:

1. Force a pre-increment on x (++x), which should force a call to a
libatomic function;

2. Because step 1 would resolve the increment to 'amoadd.w.aq' under
the 'A' extension, force the same operation on sub-word types, for
which there is no hardware support.

Reviewers: jfb, hintonda, smeenai, mgorny, JDevlieghere, jyknight
Reviewed By: jfb
Tags: #llvm
Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D68964

(cherry picked from commit cef85193)