dm table: audit all dm_table_get_target() callers

All callers of dm_table_get_target() are expected to do proper bounds
checking on the index they pass.

Move dm_table_get_target() to dm-core.h to make it extra clear that only
DM core code should be using it. Switch it to be inlined while at it.

Standardize all DM core callers to use the same for loop pattern and
make associated variables as local as possible. Rename some variables
(e.g. s/table/t/ and s/tgt/ti/) along the way.

Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org>