rbd: pull in ceph_calc_raw_layout()

This is the first in a series of patches aimed at eliminating
the use of ceph_calc_raw_layout() by rbd.

It simply pulls in a copy of that function and renames it
rbd_calc_raw_layout().

Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>