nptl: Implement pthread_self in libc.so [BZ #22635]

All binaries use TLS and thus need a properly set up TCB, so we can
simply return its address directly, instead of forwarding to the
libpthread implementation from libc.

For versioned symbols, the dynamic linker checks that the soname matches
the name supplied by the link editor, so a compatibility symbol in
libpthread is needed.

To avoid linking against the libpthread function in all cases, we would
have to bump the symbol version of libpthread in libc.so and supply a
compat symbol.  This commit does not do that because the function
implementation is so small, so the overhead by two active copies of the
same function might well be smaller than the increase in symbol table
size.