socket: Check lengths before advancing pointer in CMSG_NXTHDR

The inline and library functions that the CMSG_NXTHDR macro may expand
to increment the pointer to the header before checking the stride of
the increment against available space.  Since C only allows incrementing
pointers to one past the end of an array, the increment must be done
after a length check.  This commit fixes that and includes a regression
test for CMSG_FIRSTHDR and CMSG_NXTHDR.

The Linux, Hurd, and generic headers are all changed.

Tested on Linux on armv7hl, i686, x86_64, aarch64, ppc64le, and s390x.

[BZ #28846]

Reviewed-by: Siddhesh Poyarekar <siddhesh@sourceware.org>
(cherry picked from commit 9c443ac4)