<string.h>: Define __CORRECT_ISO_CPP_STRING_H_PROTO for Clang [BZ #25232]

Without the asm redirects, strchr et al. are not const-correct.

libc++ has a wrapper header that works with and without
__CORRECT_ISO_CPP_STRING_H_PROTO (using a Clang extension).  But when
Clang is used with libstdc++ or just C headers, the overloaded functions
with the correct types are not declared.

This change does not impact current GCC (with libstdc++ or libc++).

(cherry picked from commit 953ceff1)