Add attribute::value_as_string method

The full DIE reader checks that an attribute has a "string" form in
some spots, but the partial DIE reader does not.  This patch brings
the two readers in sync for one specific case, namely when examining
the linkage name.  This avoids regressions in an existing DWARF test
case.

A full fix for this problem would be preferable.  An accessor like
DW_STRING should always check the form.  However, I haven't attempted
that in this series.

Also the fact that the partial and full readers can disagree like this
is a design flaw.

gdb/ChangeLog
2020-04-24  Tom Tromey  <tom@tromey.com>

	* dwarf2/read.c (partial_die_info::read) <case
	DW_AT_linkage_name>: Use value_as_string.
	(dwarf2_string_attr): Use value_as_string.
	* dwarf2/attribute.h (struct attribute) <value_as_string>: Declare
	method.
	* dwarf2/attribute.c (attribute::value_as_string): New method.