gdb/nat: Use procfs(5) indexes in linux_common_core_of_thread

The code and comment reference stat fields by made-up indexes.  The
procfs(5) man page, which describes the /proc/PID/stat file, has a numbered
list of these fields so it's more convenient to use those numbers instead.

This is currently an implementation detail inside the function so it's
not really relevant with the code as-is, but a future patch will do some
refactoring which will make the index more prominent.

Therefore, make this change in a separate patch so that it's simpler to
review.

Reviewed-By: Luis Machado <luis.machado@arm.com>
Approved-By: Pedro Alves <pedro@palves.net>