sd-login: add new sd_pid_get_cgroup() API

This adds a new sd_pid_get_cgroup() call to sd-login which may be used
to query the control path of a process. This is useful for programs when
making use of delegation units, in order to figure out which subtree has
been delegated.

In light of the unified control group hierarchy this is finally safe to
do, hence let's add a proper API for it, to make it easier to use this.