meson: use "args" for setting _GNU_SOURCE when checking for functions

This reworks how we set _GNU_SOURCE when checking for the availability
of functions:

1. We set it for most of the functions we look for. After all we set it
for our entire built anyway, and it's usually how Linux-specific
definitions in glibc are protected these days. Given that we usually
have checks for such modern stuff only anyway, let's just blanket enable
it.

2. Use "args" instead of "prefix" to set the macro. This is what is
suggested in the meson docs, hence let's do it.

(cherry picked from commit 85db59b7)