basic/time-util: make parsing of dual_timestamp more strict

*scanf functions set errno on i/o error. For sscanf, this doesn't really apply,
so (based on the man page), it seems that errno is unlikely to be ever set to a
useful value. So just ignore errno. The error message includes the string that
was parsed, so it should be always pretty clear why parsing failed.

On the other hand, detect trailing characters and minus prefix that weren't
converted properly. This matches what our safe_ato* functions do. Add tests to
elucidate various edge cases.