block: refactor rescan_partitions

Split out a helper that adds one single partition, and another one
calling that dealing with the parsed_partitions state.  This makes
it much more obvious how we clean up all state and start again when
using the rescan label.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Hannes Reinecke <hare@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>