Makefile.extrawarn: re-enable -Wformat for clang; take 2

-Wformat was recently re-enabled for builds with clang, then quickly
re-disabled, due to concerns stemming from the frequency of default
argument promotion related warning instances.

commit 258fafcd ("Makefile.extrawarn: re-enable -Wformat for clang")
commit 21f9c8a1

 ("Revert "Makefile.extrawarn: re-enable -Wformat for clang"")

ISO WG14 has ratified N2562 to address default argument promotion
explicitly for printf, as part of the upcoming ISO C2X standard.

The behavior of clang was changed in clang-16 to not warn for the cited
cases in all language modes.

Add a version check, so that users of clang-16 now get the full effect
of -Wformat. For older clang versions, re-enable flags under the
-Wformat group that way users still get some useful checks related to
format strings, without noisy default argument promotion warnings. I
intentionally omitted -Wformat-y2k and -Wformat-security from being
re-enabled, which are also part of -Wformat in clang-16.

Link: https://github.com/ClangBuiltLinux/linux/issues/378
Link: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/57102
Link: https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n2562.pdf
Suggested-by: Justin Stitt <jstitt007@gmail.com>
Suggested-by: Nathan Chancellor <nathan@kernel.org>
Suggested-by: Youngmin Nam <youngmin.nam@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Nathan Chancellor <nathan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>