i2c: core: Introduce i2c_client_get_device_id helper function

Introduces new helper function to aid in .probe_new() refactors. In order
to use existing i2c_get_device_id() on the probe callback, the device
match table needs to be accessible in that function, which would require
bigger refactors in some drivers using the deprecated .probe callback.

This issue was discussed in more detail in the IIO mailing list.

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20221023132302.911644-11-u.kleine-koenig@pengutronix.de/


Suggested-by: Nuno Sá <noname.nuno@gmail.com>
Suggested-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com>
Suggested-by: Jonathan Cameron <jic23@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Angel Iglesias <ang.iglesiasg@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Jonathan Cameron <Jonathan.Cameron@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Wolfram Sang <wsa@kernel.org>