rbd: re-submit flattened write request (part 2)

Add code to rbd_img_obj_exists_callback() to detect when a clone's
parent image has disappeared, and re-submit the original write
request in that case.

Kill off some redundant assertions.

This completes the resolution for:
    http://tracker.ceph.com/issues/3763

Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>