dm verity: allow optional args to alter primary args handling

The previous commit ("dm verity: Add optional "try_verify_in_tasklet"
feature") imposed that CRYPTO_ALG_ASYNC mask be used even if the
optional "try_verify_in_tasklet" feature was not specified. This was
because verity_parse_opt_args() was called after handling the primary
args (due to it having data dependencies on having first parsed all
primary args).

Enhance verity_ctr() so that simple optional args, that don't have a
data dependency on primary args parsing, can alter how the primary
args are handled. In practice this means verity_parse_opt_args() gets
called twice. First with the new 'only_modifier_opts' arg set to true,
then again with it set to false _after_ parsing all primary args.

This allows the v->use_tasklet flag to be properly set and then used
when verity_ctr() parses the primary args and then calls
crypto_alloc_ahash() with CRYPTO_ALG_ASYNC conditionally set.

Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org>