dm verity: fix inability to use a few specific devices sizes

Fix a boundary condition that caused failure for certain device sizes.

The problem is reported at
  http://code.google.com/p/cryptsetup/issues/detail?id=160



For certain device sizes the number of hashes at a specific level was
calculated incorrectly.

It happens for example for a device with data and metadata block size 4096
that has 16385 blocks and algorithm sha256.

The user can test if he is affected by this bug by running the
"veritysetup verify" command and also by activating the dm-verity kernel
driver and reading the whole block device. If it passes without an error,
then the user is not affected.

The condition for the bug is:

Split the total number of data blocks (data_block_bits) into bit strings,
each string has hash_per_block_bits bits. hash_per_block_bits is
rounddown(log2(metadata_block_size/hash_digest_size)). Equivalently, you
can say that you convert data_blocks_bits to 2^hash_per_block_bits base.

If there some zero bit string below the most significant bit string and at
least one bit below this zero bit string is set, then the bug happens.

The same bug exists in the userspace veritysetup tool, so you must use
fixed veritysetup too if you want to use devices that are affected by
this boundary condition.

Signed-off-by: Mikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # 3.4+
Cc: Milan Broz <gmazyland@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>