timekeeping: Update multiplier when NTP frequency is set directly

When the NTP frequency is set directly from userspace using the
ADJ_FREQUENCY or ADJ_TICK timex mode, immediately update the
timekeeper's multiplier instead of waiting for the next tick.

This removes a hidden non-deterministic delay in setting of the
frequency and allows an extremely tight control of the system clock
with update rates close to or even exceeding the kernel HZ.

The update is limited to archs using modern timekeeping
(!ARCH_USES_GETTIMEOFFSET).

Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Miroslav Lichvar <mlichvar@redhat.com>
Cc: Richard Cochran <richardcochran@gmail.com>
Cc: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com>
Cc: Stephen Boyd <sboyd@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Miroslav Lichvar <mlichvar@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>