f2fs crypto: handle unexpected lack of encryption keys

This patch syncs f2fs with commit abdd438b

 ("ext4 crypto: handle
unexpected lack of encryption keys") from ext4.

Fix up attempts by users to try to write to a file when they don't
have access to the encryption key.

Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Chao Yu <chao2.yu@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk@kernel.org>