ALSA: PCM: Fix some races at disconnection

Fix races at PCM disconnection:
- while a PCM device is being opened or closed
- while the PCM state is being changed without lock in prepare,
  hw_params, hw_free ops

Reported-by: Matthieu CASTET <matthieu.castet@parrot.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>