eeprom: at24: hide the read/write loop behind a macro

Before splitting the read/write routines into smaller, more
specialized functions, unduplicate some code in advance.

Use a 'for' loop instead of 'do while' when waiting for the previous
write to complete and hide it behind a macro.

Signed-off-by: Bartosz Golaszewski <bgolaszewski@baylibre.com>
Signed-off-by: Wolfram Sang <wsa@the-dreams.de>