usb: core: add sysfs entry for usb device state

Expose usb device state to userland as the information is useful in
detecting non-compliant setups and diagnosing enumeration failures.
For example:
- End-to-end signal integrity issues: the device would fail port reset
  repeatedly and thus be stuck in POWERED state.
- Charge-only cables (missing D+/D- lines): the device would never enter
  POWERED state as the HC would not see any pullup.

What's the status quo?
We do have error logs such as "Cannot enable. Maybe the USB cable is bad?"
to flag potential setup issues, but there's no good way to expose them to
userspace.

Why add a sysfs entry in struct usb_port instead of struct usb_device?
The struct usb_device is not device_add() to the system until it's in
ADDRESS state hence we would miss the first two states. The struct
usb_port is a better place to keep the information because its life
cycle is longer than the struct usb_device that is attached to the port.

Reported-by: kernel test robot <oliver.sang@intel.com>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/oe-lkp/202306042228.e532af6e-oliver.sang@intel.com
Reviewed-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Roy Luo <royluo@google.com>
Message-ID: <20230608015913.1679984-1-royluo@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>