libbpf: Tighten BTF type ID rewriting with error checking

It should never fail, but if it does, it's better to know about this rather
than end up with nonsensical type IDs.

Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Yonghong Song <yhs@fb.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20210423181348.1801389-11-andrii@kernel.org