clk: Introduce clk_core_has_parent()

We will need to know if a clk_core pointer has a given parent in other
functions, so let's create a clk_core_has_parent() function that
clk_has_parent() will call into.

For good measure, let's add some unit tests as well to make sure it
works properly.

Tested-by: Alexander Stein <alexander.stein@ew.tq-group.com> # imx8mp
Tested-by: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com> # exynos4210, meson g12b
Signed-off-by: Maxime Ripard <maxime@cerno.tech>