Btrfs: heuristic: add bucket and sample counters and other defines

Add basic defines and structures for data sampling.

Added macros:
 - For future sampling algo
 - For bucket size

Heuristic workspace:
 - Add bucket for storing byte type counters
 - Add sample array for storing partial copy of input data range
 - Add counter for store current sample size to workspace

Signed-off-by: Timofey Titovets <nefelim4ag@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
[ minor coding style fixes, comments updated ]
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>