check i2d_ASN1_TYPE return value

add a length check to the return value of function i2d_ASN1_TYPE. Return an error instead of trying to malloc a negative number.

CLA: trivial

Reviewed-by: Tomas Mraz <tomas@openssl.org>
Reviewed-by: Paul Dale <pauli@openssl.org>
(Merged from https://github.com/openssl/openssl/pull/14828)