MSVC Buggy version detection: turn pre-processor error into CMake configuration time check

This allows consumer to override in a cleaner way while still prevent
them from hitting bug without knowing they run an unsupported
configuration.

Recommit after fix by Christopher Tetreault to add parens and ${} to
cmake check to work around CMake configure time "unknown arguments
specified" issue

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D73677
Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D73751