Add -std=c++20 flag, replace C++2a with C++20 throughout the Clang

user interface and documentation, and update __cplusplus for C++20.

WG21 considers the C++20 standard to be finished (even though it still
has some more steps to pass through in the ISO process).

The old flag names are accepted for compatibility, as usual, and we
still have lots of references to C++2a in comments and identifiers;
those can be cleaned up separately.

(cherry picked from commit 24ad1215)