[Inliner] Fix noalias metadata handling for instructions simplified during cloning (PR50270)

Instead of using VMap, which may include instructions from the
caller as a result of simplification, iterate over the
(FirstNewBlock, Caller->end()) range, which will only include new
instructions.

Fixes https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=50270.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D102110

(cherry picked from commit aa9b02ac)