i2c: Move adapter locking helpers to i2c-core

Uninline i2c adapter locking helper functions, move them to i2c-core,
and use them in i2c-core itself. The functions are still exported for
external users. This makes future updates to the locking model (which
will be needed for multiplexing support) possible and transparent.

Signed-off-by: Jean Delvare <khali@linux-fr.org>
Cc: Michael Lawnick <ml.lawnick@gmx.de>