dm verity fec: limit error correction recursion

If the hash tree itself is sufficiently corrupt in addition to data blocks,
it's possible for error correction to end up in a deep recursive loop,
which eventually causes a kernel panic.  This change limits the
recursion to a reasonable level during a single I/O operation.

Fixes: a739ff3f ("dm verity: add support for forward error correction")
Signed-off-by: Sami Tolvanen <samitolvanen@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # v4.5+