io_uring: add generic callback_head helpers

We already have helpers to run/add callback_head but taking ctx and
working with ctx->exit_task_work. Extract generic versions of them
implemented in terms of struct callback_head, it will be used later.

Signed-off-by: Pavel Begunkov <asml.silence@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>