sched: add throttled time stat for throttled children

We currently export the total throttled time for cgroups that are given
a bandwidth limit. This patch extends this accounting to also account
the total time that each children cgroup has been throttled.

This is useful to understand the degree to which children have been
affected by the throttling control. Children which are not runnable
during the entire throttled period, for example, will not show any
self-throttling time during this period.

Expose this in a new interface, 'cpu.stat.local', which is similar to
how non-hierarchical events are accounted in 'memory.events.local'.

Signed-off-by: Josh Don <joshdon@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230620183247.737942-2-joshdon@google.com