rbd: decouple parent info read-in from updating rbd_dev

Unlike header read-in, parent info read-in is already decoupled in
get_parent_info(), but it's buried in rbd_dev_v2_parent_info() along
with the processing logic.

Separate the initial read-in and update read-in logic into
rbd_dev_setup_parent() and rbd_dev_update_parent() respectively and
have rbd_dev_v2_parent_info() just populate struct parent_image_info
(i.e. what get_parent_info() did).  Some existing QoI issues, like
flatten of a standalone clone being disregarded on refresh, remain.

Signed-off-by: Ilya Dryomov <idryomov@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Dongsheng Yang <dongsheng.yang@easystack.cn>