libbpf: Factor out common ELF operations and improve logging

Factor out common ELF operations done throughout the libbpf. This simplifies
usage across multiple places in libbpf, as well as hide error reporting from
higher-level functions and make error logging more consistent.

Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andriin@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20200820231250.1293069-3-andriin@fb.com