bpf, docs: Define signed modulo as using truncated division

There's different mathematical definitions (truncated, floored, rounded,
etc.) and different languages have chosen different definitions [0][1].
E.g., languages/libraries that follow Knuth use a different mathematical
definition than C uses. This patch specifies which definition BPF uses,
as verified by Eduard [2] and others.

  [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo#Variants_of_the_definition
  [1] https://torstencurdt.com/tech/posts/modulo-of-negative-numbers/
  [2] https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/57e6fefadaf3b2995bb259fa8e711c7220ce5290.camel@gmail.com/

Signed-off-by: Dave Thaler <dthaler@microsoft.com>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Acked-by: David Vernet <void@manifault.com>
Acked-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20231017203020.1500-1-dthaler1968@googlemail.com