rust: adapt `alloc` crate to the kernel

This customizes the subset of the Rust standard library `alloc` that
was just imported as-is, mainly by:

  - Adding SPDX license identifiers.

  - Skipping modules (e.g. `rc` and `sync`) via new `cfg`s.

  - Adding fallible (`try_*`) versions of existing infallible methods
    (i.e. returning a `Result` instead of panicking).

    Since the standard library requires stable/unstable attributes,
    these additions are annotated with:

        #[stable(feature = "kernel", since = "1.0.0")]

    Using "kernel" as the feature allows to have the additions
    clearly marked. The "1.0.0" version is just a placeholder.

    (At the moment, only one is needed, but in the future more
    fallible methods will be added).

Reviewed-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Co-developed-by: Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@gmail.com>
Co-developed-by: Wedson Almeida Filho <wedsonaf@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Wedson Almeida Filho <wedsonaf@google.com>
Co-developed-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
Signed-off-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
Co-developed-by: Matthew Bakhtiari <dev@mtbk.me>
Signed-off-by: Matthew Bakhtiari <dev@mtbk.me>
Signed-off-by: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>