misc: i2c_eeprom: verify that the chip is functional at probe()

Read a single byte from EEPROM to verify that it is actually there.

This is equivalent to Linux kernel commit 00f0ea70d2b8 ("eeprom: at24:
check if the chip is functional in probe()").

Cc: Bartosz Golaszewski <bgolaszewski@baylibre.com>
Signed-off-by: Baruch Siach <baruch@tkos.co.il>

hs: fixed style check prefer kernel type 'u8' over 'uint8_t'