i2c: stm32f7: improve loopback in timing algorithm

This avoids useless loops inside the I2C timing algorithm.
Actually, we support only one possible solution per prescaler value.
So after finding a solution with a prescaler, the algorithm can
switch directly to the next prescaler value.

Signed-off-by: Nicolas Le Bayon <nicolas.le.bayon@st.com>
Reviewed-by: Patrick DELAUNAY <patrick.delaunay@st.com>
Signed-off-by: Patrick Delaunay <patrick.delaunay@st.com>