Linux: Use rseq in sched_getcpu if available

When available, use the cpu_id field from __rseq_abi on Linux to
implement sched_getcpu().  Fall-back on the vgetcpu vDSO if unavailable.

Benchmarks:

x86-64: Intel E5-2630 v3@2.40GHz, 16-core, hyperthreading

glibc sched_getcpu():                     13.7 ns (baseline)
glibc sched_getcpu() using rseq:           2.5 ns (speedup:  5.5x)
inline load cpuid from __rseq_abi TLS:     0.8 ns (speedup: 17.1x)