nptl: Move cancel state out of cancelhandling

Now that thread cancellation state is not accessed concurrently anymore,
it is possible to move it out the 'cancelhandling'.

The code is also simplified: CANCELLATION_P is replaced with a
internal pthread_testcancel call and the CANCELSTATE_BIT{MASK} is
removed.

With this behavior pthread_setcancelstate does not require to act on
cancellation if cancel type is asynchronous (is already handled either
by pthread_setcanceltype or by the signal handler).

Checked on x86_64-linux-gnu and aarch64-linux-gnu.