[design] Make it possible to pass AlgorithmIdentifier parameter data

This design is to allow passing AlgorithmIdentifier parameter data to and
from any cryptograpfic operation, with convenience functions for them all,
not just for symmetric ciphers.

This is crucial to support CMS, among others.

Ref: openssl/project#172

Reviewed-by: Tomas Mraz <tomas@openssl.org>
Reviewed-by: Matt Caswell <matt@openssl.org>
Reviewed-by: Paul Dale <pauli@openssl.org>
(Merged from https://github.com/openssl/openssl/pull/22162)