[flang] Disallow erroneous procedure declarations

When writing tests for a previous problem, I ran across situations where we
were not producing error messages for declarations of specific procedures of
generic interfaces where every other compiler I tested (except nvfotran) did.
I added a check to CheckExtantExternal() and renamed it since it now checks for
erroneous extant symbols generally.

I also removed a call to this function from processing for ENTRY statements,
since it seemed unnecessary and its presence caused bogus error messages.

I also added some tests for erroneous declarations where we were not producing
error messages.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D99111