badblocks: improve badblocks_check() for multiple ranges handling

This patch rewrites badblocks_check() with similar coding style as
_badblocks_set() and _badblocks_clear(). The only difference is bad
blocks checking may handle multiple ranges in bad tables now.

If a checking range covers multiple bad blocks range in bad block table,
like the following condition (C is the checking range, E1, E2, E3 are
three bad block ranges in bad block table),
  +------------------------------------+
  |                C                   |
  +------------------------------------+
    +----+      +----+      +----+
    | E1 |      | E2 |      | E3 |
    +----+      +----+      +----+
The improved badblocks_check() algorithm will divide checking range C
into multiple parts, and handle them in 7 runs of a while-loop,
  +--+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+
  |C1| | C2 | | C3 | | C4 | | C5 | | C6 | | C7 |
  +--+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+
       +----+        +----+        +----+
       | E1 |        | E2 |        | E3 |
       +----+        +----+        +----+
And the start LBA and length of range E1 will be set as first_bad and
bad_sectors for the caller.

The return value rule is consistent for multiple ranges. For example if
there are following bad block ranges in bad block table,
   Index No.     Start        Len         Ack
       0          400          20          1
       1          500          50          1
       2          650          20          0
the return value, first_bad, bad_sectors by calling badblocks_set() with
different checking range can be the following values,
    Checking Start, Len     Return Value   first_bad    bad_sectors
               100, 100          0           N/A           N/A
               100, 310          1           400           10
               100, 440          1           400           10
               100, 540          1           400           10
               100, 600         -1           400           10
               100, 800         -1           400           10

In order to make code review easier, this patch names the improved bad
block range checking routine as _badblocks_check() and does not change
existing badblock_check() code yet. Later patch will delete old code of
badblocks_check() and make it as a wrapper to call _badblocks_check().
Then the new added code won't mess up with the old deleted code, it will
be more clear and easier for code review.

Signed-off-by: Coly Li <colyli@suse.de>
Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Cc: Geliang Tang <geliang.tang@suse.com>
Cc: Hannes Reinecke <hare@suse.de>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Vishal L Verma <vishal.l.verma@intel.com>
Cc: Xiao Ni <xni@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Xiao Ni <xni@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Geliang Tang <geliang.tang@suse.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230811170513.2300-6-colyli@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>